Iraq Special Feature
Imperialism’s Plans Going Up In Smoke
THIS WEEK will see a fresh propaganda deluge from Bush
and Blair (and probably more guerrilla attacks), as, on paper, the
US-dominated occupying powers hand "sovereignty" back to the Iraqi
"people" on 30 June.
Robert Bechert demolishes this claim and explains that
the grand plans of Bush and Blair for controlling Iraq are now in tatters.
THE UN Security Council has anointed this move to
‘sovereignty’, but it is not in any way either democratic or an end to the
occupation. Bush and Blair steadfastly refused to allow elections to be
held before this handover, clearly hoping that their handpicked ‘interim
government’ will be able to influence the elections when they are finally
held. Next month’s so-called national conference, an unelected body of
1,000, is no substitute for an elected assembly.
Back in April 2004, US Secretary of State Colin Powell
made crystal clear in advance the limits that US imperialism would put on
this new ‘government’, which they effectively appointed.
Powell explained that he hoped that Iraqis "will
understand that in order for this government to get up and running – to be
effective – some of its sovereignty will have to be given back, if I can
put it that way, or limited by them. …It’s sovereignty but [some] of
that sovereignty they are going to allow us to exercise on their behalf
and with their permission."
However despite US imperialism’s control over this new
"government" they, and their allies, are losing control of Iraq as
opposition to the occupation and foreign troops mounts.
Unpopularity
This unpopularity also led to the increasing brutality
of the occupation. General Tommy Franks, the Commander of US Central
Command at the time of the invasion, bluntly expressed the lack of concern
for any Iraqi casualties when he stated, "we don’t do body counts". In
appreciation of his role, Franks was recently given an honorary knighthood
by the Queen.
The photos from Baghdad’s Abu Ghraib prison confirmed
the way in which detainees were treated, while the Red Cross has reported
coalition officers saying between 70%-90% of those detained were "arrested
by mistake".
These repressive methods backfired, increasing further
the bitterness towards the occupiers and also the viciousness of the
fighting.
Now Bush and Blair’s propagandists will speak about
‘handing over power to the Iraqi people’, but if this was really the case
Iraqis would demand the immediate end of the occupation. There can be no
doubt that the majority of Iraqis oppose the occupation, even among Kurds
who generally were more supportive, there is now growing suspicion towards
the US’s plans. One opinion poll after another in Iraq has shown this
growing hostility (see box).
This is the background to the US’s accelerated
timetable of ‘Iraqi-isation’, the policy of putting Iraqis in the front
line as the occupiers try to step out of the limelight. Recent months have
seen the US military forced into a series of tactical retreats, fearing
that their operations would provoke a generalised national uprising.
The ‘collective punishment’ strategy in Falluja failed
and the US was forced to effectively reconstitute part of the old Iraqi
army to nominally police the area, while more recently they have dropped
the call for the immediate capture of Muqtada Sadr "dead or alive". How
effective the ‘Iraqi-isation’ policy will be is another question. The US
military’s delay in supporting the new ‘Iraqi army’ with heavy equipment
is a sign of their lack of confidence in these forces, many of whom have
only joined for financial reasons.
Behind these policy reversals is both the rising
opposition to the occupying forces’ presence and Bush’s fear that the
unravelling of his Iraq adventure will cost him the November US
Presidential elections.
Interim government
HOWEVER, DESPITE the widespread and growing opposition
to the foreign occupation forces, there is no unified movement for Iraqi
national liberation. Given the current absence of a working class movement
it is often religious and ethnic forces that are setting the pace. This is
one reason behind the lack of mass mobilisations against the occupation
and for democratic and social rights, and the use of suicide attacks.
The groundswell of opposition was very partially
reflected in a struggle over posts in the new "interim government". In an
attempt to gain some credibility, members of the US-appointed Iraqi
Governing Council (IGC) forced the US to back down over its initial choice
of president.
But the US then forced through its nomination for new
prime minister of the "interim government" that replaced the IGC. The UN
negotiator, Brahimi, wanted Hussain Shahristani, who is close to Ayatollah
Sistani, to be prime minister. But he was forced to back down, later
complaining that the US administrator Paul Bremer "is the dictator of
Iraq".
The US’s choice for prime minister, Ayad Allawi, (who
has close links with MI6), is head of the CIA funded Iraqi National
Accord, the group which provided the infamous "45 minute" claim for
Blair’s pro-war propaganda campaign. Like most capitalist politicians
Allawi is totally hypocritical. While supporting the surprise US air
strike against an alleged ‘terrorist safe house’ in Falluja, Allawi
condemns car bombings as "cowardly". But this is the same man who, as the
New York Times has just reported, organised, with CIA support, a terrorist
bombing campaign inside Iraq in the early 1990s.
Almost immediately the new ‘interim government’ has
started saying that it may impose martial law in response to the
continuing attacks on the administration, the new Iraqi forces and the
coalition troops. Quite what difference this would make to the present
situation – where the coalition troops shoot at will and detain suspects
indefinitely without charge – is not clear. However, martial law would be
a good excuse to limit campaigning for the elections scheduled for January
2005 or even to try to extend the interim government’s rule by postponing
the elections.
Stooge regime
IN REALITY this ‘interim government’ has been designed
as a screen behind which the US will still run the country. Recently the
Wall Street Journal revealed how the CPA has formed a series of
‘commissions’ and agencies that have effectively taken over the power
previously held in Iraqi ministries, thus leaving the new ‘government’
with little real say.
While the CPA itself will cease to exist at the end of
June its role will be taken over by the new US Embassy, the largest in the
world, based in one of Saddam’s palaces, with around 1,600 staff!
The current US pro-consul, Paul Bremer, will be
replaced by the new US Ambassador, John Negroponte. In the 1980s
Negroponte was the US ambassador in Honduras, being involved in supporting
the Contra terrorist campaign against the radical Sandinistas who were
then ruling neighbouring Nicaragua. Therefore, like most of the Bush
government, his denunciations of terrorism cannot be taken at face value.
The US hopes that the new ‘interim government’ will
serve as a buffer that will deflect opposition to its colonial grip. But
this is unlikely. However, while the growing opposition to the US presence
in Iraq continues to grow, there is no unifying focus for the resistance.
This has meant that it has been a combination of ethnic, religious and
tribal groupings that have come to the fore and this has given the
occupiers the opportunity to manoeuvre between the different groups.
Kurdish demands
FOR SOME time the occupiers have been trying to work
with the most popular Iraqi figure, Ayatollah Sistani, the main religious
leader of the majority Shias. While in the past Sistani sanctioned limited
protests calling for elections, these have often been in an attempt to
defend his base from other, more radical religious leaders like Muqtada
Sadr. Now, while saying that the new interim government does not have the
"legitimacy of elections", Sistani is backing it so long as it holds
elections planned for January 2005.
Similarly, other Shia groupings like Sciri and Daawa
also try to make just enough criticisms of the new interim government to
seem to be independent from it without leading any substantial challenges.
Increasingly the occupiers are relying on deals with
different groups, in effect trying to play off one grouping against
another. An example is in the northern Kurdish area where for some time
the Kurdish leaders have been the most consistent supporters of the
occupation. These leaders have received some rewards for this, for example
the promise that the two main Kurdish militias will form part of the
internal security forces of the Kurdistan regional government.
But the US does not want to accept Kurdish demands for
autonomy or for control over the northern Iraqi oilfield around Kirkuk.
The US government does not want to alienate the Turkish government which
opposes Kurdish autonomy and at the same time wants to strike a deal with
the leaders of the Iraqi Shia majority. So the US made a gesture towards
Sistani by ensuring that the latest UN resolution on Iraq did not mention
the Transitional Administration Law that granted Kurds some rights, on
paper, to a federal Iraq.
The combination of the lack of a national movement
against occupation and the occupying powers’ increasing reliance on local
deals is creating a trend towards a de facto break-up of Iraq under local
forces and militia. This in turn can provoke further ethnic, tribal, and
religious tensions as rival elites struggle for power and economic
resources.
This formal handover of sovereignty to a form of Iraqi
government and the promise of elections within seven months is likely to
increase popular demands for genuine independence from foreign control,
the immediate withdrawal of the occupation armies and democratic rule. But
unless the workers’ movement is rebuilt there will be the dangers that
ethnic and religious tensions could cut across the development of a mass,
popular struggle for a complete break with imperialism and the creation of
a workers’ and poor peasants’ Iraq.
Only if this socialist transformation is begun can the
country’s huge resources begin to be used in the interests of the people,
something that would be an example for all the peoples of the Middle East.
Bush Under Pressure In US
PRACTICALLY ALL the claims about Iraq made by the Bush administration at the start of the Iraq war have proved false. Official US investigations have shown there were no WMDs and that Saddam had nothing to do with the 11 September 2001 attacks on New York and Washington.
The photos of US troops torturing Iraqi prisoners at Abu Ghraib prison have undermined Bush’s “moral” argument for war. This has increased the domestic pressure on Bush.
The past few months have seen more and more open signs of the tensions and divisions within the US administration and the military hierarchy.
So far this has been revealed by recently retired officials coming out and saying what large numbers of their former colleagues think.
One of the latest is marine general Anthony Zinni, former head of US Central Command until 2000. He writes in his newly published book, Battle Ready, that: “In the lead-up to the Iraq war and its later conduct, I saw, at a minimum, true dereliction, negligence and irresponsibility; at worst, lying, incompetence and corruption” and added, in a TV interview, that Bush’s Iraq strategy was “headed over Niagara Falls”.
Alongside Bush’s falling approval rating within the USA, increasing numbers of the ruling elite are drawing the conclusion that Bush’s policies have led the US into a nightmare. Many strategists of US imperialism fear that they are in a no-win situation in Iraq, but equally also are alarmed that events in Iraq could undermine their entire position in the strategically vital Middle East.
Blair’s Spin
BLAIR WILL undoubtedly say that this ‘handover’ to a ‘democratic’ Iraq is a justification for the war. Well he would have to say that as no weapons of mass destruction (WMD) have been found.
But often one lie leads to another. Once, according to Blair, overthrowing Saddam was not the reason for the war. Only weeks before the war Blair made a special government statement to the House of Commons in which he stated that Saddam could “save” his regime “by complying with the UN’s demand”. (House of Commons Hansard, February 25 2003, column 124.)
Getting Out
MANY OF the new Iraqi ministers have dual citizenship, reported the Boston Globe, with at least two being US citizens, and they maintain their homes outside Iraq.
This lack of confidence in their future in Iraq is similar to many members of the former Iraqi Governing Council who did not move their families back to Iraq. With the IGC’s dissolution some of its members have now left Iraq to go back home. The former IGC Interior Minister, al-Sumaiday, has now come back to rejoin his family in Britain.
