Nepal: General strike movement against regime

"BURN THE crown," chanted demonstrators during the two-week long
general strike which has brought the mountainous country of Nepal to a
halt, deepening the political crisis. Telecoms and transport workers
have gone on strike and many shops and businesses in the capital
Kathmandu and in regional towns have been closed in response to a seven
party alliance call to end the dictatorial rule of King Gyanendra.

Dave Carr

The beleaguered monarch assumed absolute power in February 2005 after
dismissing his prime minister and cabinet. He had blamed the government
for failing to crush the Maoist insurgency in the countryside. However,
this rural civil war has intensified in recent months. During the
current urban protests five people have been killed by police and over
3,000 protesters arrested.

Some 13,000 people have been killed in a vicious ten-year war in
which the Maoists and state forces have resorted to assassinations and
kidnappings.

The current movement to restore Nepal’s parliamentary democracy
appears to be a re-run of events in 1990. Then, King Birendra faced a
‘movement to restore democracy’ which brought together an uneasy
coalition of left-leaning parties and the main capitalist Nepali
Congress Party.

Over 50 people were gunned down by police and hundreds were arrested.
Eventually the King conceded to the movement’s demands and agreed to
elections, lifted the ban on political parties and released hundreds of
political prisoners.

Grinding poverty

Nepal is one of the world’s poorest countries. On the United Nations
development programme’s human-development index, Nepal comes 140th out
of 177 countries. Its 25 million people have an average income a head of
just $240. One-third live below the poverty level. This grinding
poverty, entrenched in a discriminatory and oppressive caste system, has
fuelled the growth in support for the Maoists.

As in other neo-colonial countries state enterprises have been
privatised. Foreign aid accounts for half of Nepal’s investment.
Agriculture remains the principal industry employing 76% of the
population and providing 40% of the country’s output.

Tourism – a big foreign exchange earner – has declined since its peak
year of 1999 because of the civil war. The country is largely kept
afloat by remittances sent back by Nepalese workers living abroad.

King Gyanendra has found himself out of step with his principal
backers – the US, Britain and India – who have stopped arms shipments to
the Hindu monarchy and urged a reconciliation with the political
parties. Japan too – a large foreign aid donor – has cut back its
assistance. And China has now ended its support.

Fundamental social change

The aim of imperialism is to restore a ‘constitutional monarchy’ and
get the main parties to oppose the Maoists. All of the parties accept
the market system and capitalism. So too do the Maoists who are
tail-ending the alliance.

They proclaim their rural war as simply an adjunct to the struggle
for parliamentary democracy, even though the seven party alliance
distances itself from them.

Far from threatening capitalism with a ‘people’s revolution’ the
Maoists programme is a timid reform programme calling an end to racial,
sexual and caste discrimination; land reform; drinking water, roads and
electricity for all villages; the promotion of cottage industries.

They advance a classic reformist ‘two-stage’ theory of social change
which inevitably fails to progress beyond its ‘first stage’ of support
for a ‘progressive bourgeois democracy’ to a ‘second stage’ of socialist
revolution.

Nonetheless, without fundamental social change the rural civil war
will continue. The army concedes it cannot win militarily. It has about
78,000 soldiers, and is recruiting a further 7,000. It estimates that
the Maoists have 5,000-6,000 armed fighters, with a further
15,000-20,000 in militias, equipped with homemade weapons. Its
operations are financed from levying taxes in the areas which it
controls, including taxing tourists.

The key to changing society even in a predominantly agrarian country
like Nepal is the revolutionary role of the working class in the towns
and cities. Its ‘social weight’, which has been demonstrated in the
recent protests, shows it can stop production and transport leaving the
ruling regime impotent.

However, a revolutionary party is needed with a clear socialist
programme about how to take the struggle forward.